The Sun's volume is 1.41×1018 km3; 1300000 × Earth. The mass is 2*10^30 kg, that is about 300,000 times greater than the mass of the Earth. The Sun has 99.86% of the mass in the Solar System. The composition of The Sun shows that hydrogen makes up 94% of the solar material, helium makes up approximately 6% of the Sun, and all the other elements make up only 13%, Oxygen, Carbon, and Nitrogen are the three most copious metals because they only make up 0.11%. A metal atom is any atom heavier than helium. The sun has some amounts of neon, sodium, magnesium, aluminum, Silicon, Phosphorus, sulfur, potassium, and iron. This means hydrogen makes up 78.5% of the Sun's mass, helium 19.7%, oxygen 0.86%, Carbon 0.4%, Iron 0.14%, and the other elements are 0.54%. The layers of the Sun are the inner layers are the core, Radioactive Zone, and the Convention Zone. The outer layers are the Photosphere, the Chromosphere, the Transition Region and the Corona. The deepest layer of the Sun that we can observe directly is the photosphere. It reaches from the surface visible at the center of the solar disk to roughly 250 miles above that. The temperature in the Photosphere varies between 6,500 k at the bottom and 4,000 k at the top. The granulation covers most of the Photosphere. The Chromosphere is the layer in the Sun between 250 miles and 1,300 miles above the Solar surface. The temperature in the Chromosphere varies between about 4,000 K at the bottom, and 8,000 K at the top. In this layer and higher layers it legit gets hotter if you go further away from the Sun. It gets hotter if you go closer to the center of the Sun in the lower layers. The Transition region is 60 miles/100 km which is very narrow between the Chromosphere and the Corona where the temperature increases suddenly from about 8,000 to about 500,000 K. The corona is the outermost layer of the Sun. It's 500,000 degrees in the Corona. The cannot see the Corona with your naked eye during a total solar eclipse, or by using the Coronagraph. In the Sun, the flows of hot plasma in the convection make the solar magnetic field. The plasma is a hot gas ''soup'' with a lot of free charged particles(electrons and protons). The moving charges are a current. The heat from the Sun's fusion is where the convention current is driven. The Sunspots are the areas of a really strong magnetic field. The field lines get so crowded together that they push up through the surface. This brings a little bit of the hot plasma with them in a impressive arc or a loop. The dense bundle of field lines make big magnetic pressures. All magnetic fields in the area of the Sun are made by moving Ionised gases. Most of these are invisible. The temperature below the obvious surface of the Sun is high enough to Ionise the gases that make up the Sun. The Sun produces its heat by changing matter into energy. The Sun has a lot of radiation. Some of the Sun's radiation passes through the atmosphere and gets to the surface of the Earth. Insolation is the amount of Solar Radiation hitting the Earth. There are elements of Solar Radiation that can't be visible to the human eye. Infrared radiation is heat and Ultraviolet sunlight is detrimental to living organisms. Most of the Ultraviolet Radiation is blocked by the Ozone Layer. The part of the radiation that is not reflected back into space is absorbed and changed into heat. A lot of this heat escapes and some of it stays around Earth's surface, as a result of the greenhouse effect. The sun looks different at different times for many reasons. During the summer on the 21st of June, the Sun will be traveling at the highest pathway across the sky. The Length of the day is longer related to the night as the Sun across the sky. The sun path is lowest in the sky during the winter period. The sun will rise South of East and go to the West in any of the day in that time period of the year. The Sun rises in the east and sets in the West. Each day the rising and setting points convert subtly. During the summer, the Sun rises to the furthest point to the Northeast as it ever does, and it sets as far to the Northwest. The Sun changes color sometimes. The differentiation of the colors of the sunset depends on the absorption of small elements. When there aren't any tiny aerosols, the sky at the sunset makes it look yellowish-orange. During Sunset , the rays of the Sun have a lot further to go through the atmosphere to get to your eye. It's over 30 times the distance at afternoon. This growing distances intensifies the effect of the Rayleigh scattering that causes the sky to be blue, so that the hues of blues and violets in the sunlight are gone. The light you perceive is lacking the blues and violets. This leaves you with colors of yellow, purple, and red in the sky. The reddish shade mixes with the blue scattered light to give a purple color.